2022年9月12日 · Bilirubin is derived from 2 main sources. Roughly 80% of bilirubin is made from the breakdown of hemoglobin in senescent red blood cells and prematurely destroyed erythroid cells in the bone marrow. The remainder originates from the turnover of various heme-containing proteins found in other tissues, primarily the liver and muscles.

2023年7月16日 · Bilirubin is metabolised prior to excretion through the faeces and urine. In this article, we will explore the different types of bilirubin, the process of enteric bilirubin metabolism, and we will briefly explore the relevance of bilirubin to clinical practice.

Bilirubin is created by the activity of biliverdin reductase on biliverdin, a green tetrapyrrolic bile pigment that is also a product of heme catabolism. Bilirubin, when oxidized, reverts to become biliverdin once again.

2022年2月8日 · elevated levels of bilirubin causes jaundice, characterized by yellow skin and sclerae in the newborn, short-lived RBCs results in increased production of unconjugated bilirubin as heme breakdown products, decreased conjugation due to immature UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, and increased enterohepatic circulation due to decreased gastrointestinal ...

2024年10月10日 · Explore the intricate process of bilirubin from breakdown to excretion, highlighting the liver's crucial role in its metabolism and transport. Bilirubin, a yellow compound, is integral to the body’s waste management system. It is primarily associated with jaundice when present in excessive amounts.

Bilirubin is produced by a two-stage reaction that occurs in cells of the reticuloendothelial system, including phagocytes, the Kupffer cells of the liver, and cells in the spleen and bone marrow. Heme is taken up into these cells and acted on by the enzyme heme oxygenase, liberating the chelated iron from the heme structure and releasing an ...

Normal bilirubin metabolism can be summarized as a series of steps, including (1) production, (2) uptake by the hepatocyte, (3) conjugation, (4) excretion into bile ducts, and (5) delivery to the intestine.

2023年9月5日 · Bilirubin is the catabolic product of heme metabolism. Within the physiologic range, bilirubin has cytoprotective and beneficial metabolic effects, but at high levels it is potentially toxic. Fortunately, there are elaborate physiologic …

2024年3月25日 · At the cellular level, bilirubin exerts its toxic effect by disturbing the normal functioning of neuronal cells. Bilirubin's presence can cause certain inflammatory responses, resulting in the activation of proinflammatory cytokines. Additionally, research has demonstrated that bilirubin can negatively affect auditory abilities.

Bilirubin production and catabolism. The physiological concentrations of bilirubin levels depend on many biological factors such as genetics, sex, and age (see Figure 1 in the main text) [ 110 ]. The crucial enzyme that initiates the breakdown of heme is heme oxygenase (HMOX), which has two isoforms (HMOX1, OMIM *141250; and HMOX2, OMIM *141251 ...