[mircemk] shows how to create a simple non-contact proximity sensor using little more than an Arduino Nano board, and a convenient software library intended to measure the value of capacitors.
The European Proximity Operations Simulator (EPOS 2.0 ... A high-performance solar simulator can be used to achieve realistic ambient lighting – an important requirement when testing optical sensors.
A color camera and light detection technology could soon help identify objects in space. At least that's the hope of Rogue ...