Predation, herbivory, and parasitism are specific types of antagonistic interactions. In predation, one organism kills and consumes another. Predation provides energy to prolong the life and ...

Symbiotic interactions range from parasitism to commensalism and mutualism. Although sometimes considered an unusual way of life, microbial symbioses are increasingly recognized as widespread ...

These relationships, spanning the continuum from mutualism to parasitism, have profound implications across multiple fields. At the ISEE lab, we integrate bottom-up (focused on specific interactions) ...