In case of a monovalent A and divalent B moiety, they donate one and two electrons respectively to balance the tri-negative charges of the X anion ... 1) Small molecules and 2) Polymers. Spiro-OMeTAD ...

As opposed to conventional stencil lithography techniques using “hard” masks, a new “soft” stencil lithography technique has also been developed using the lithographically patterned photoresist ...