Mutualism is a type of symbiotic relationship where all species involved benefit from their interactions. While mutualism is highly complex, it can be roughly broken down into two types of ...

The Lotka-Volterra model with linear functional responses provided little theoretical foundation for the population dynamics of mutualism. May (1976) explicitly stated: "Lotka-Volterra models ...

Through the facilitation of partners, mutualism allows organisms to excel in otherwise marginal habitats, avoid competition, exploit new niches and buffer environmental variability. For example ...

(A) Inflorescences of D. gibsonii. (B) Glandular hairs covering the labellum in D. chryseum. (C) A hand-section of the labellum, with the hairs stained with Sudan Ⅳ. (D) A male Ctenoplectra ...

“We mostly think about plant signaling as targeting sight and smell, but here these plants are not so much giving a ‘shout out’ but a ‘shout back’ to the bats to come on over,” Rohan Clarke, an ...