[6] The mainstay of diagnosis is the identification malignant cells in urine specimens and direct visualization of the bladder mucosa with cystoscopy and resection of the tumor if identified.

M scores were significantly higher in bladder tumors than in normal bladder mucosa (P <0.05), and showed 77.2% sensitivity and 66.7% specificity for distinguishing bladder tumor from normal ...

A biopsy of the bladder mucosa revealed intranuclear inclusions in multinucleated and mononuclear giant cells that were positive for herpes simplex virus type 2 by immunoperoxidase staining.