Nutrient removal is achieved primarily by biological means; the most common is through the use of activated sludge, which is a mixture of flocs. Flocs are equivalent to biofilms formed in ...

The biofilm allows the micro-organisms to adhere ... [5] Medical device-related infections also fit this profile and typically require removal of the device, despite appropriate therapy as ...

Biofilms are clusters of microorganisms that stick to non-biological surfaces, such as rocks in a stream, as well as to surfaces on plants (roots) or in animals (epithelium). These clusters are ...

Bacterial communities form when free swimming bacteria reversibly attach to a surface. At high cell densities, many species trigger processes involved in biofilm formation, including the production of ...

Bacteria detect when nearby cells are dying and proactively form a protective biofilm. Understanding how bacteria communicate and respond to threats is crucial for combating infections.

Nano bubble technology is a method of water treatment that uses tiny bubbles to improve water quality. The important ecological benefits are to remove contaminants, increase dissolved oxygen content, ...