This in turn stimulates the recruitment of inflammatory cells and causes excessive neointimal hyperplasia. The proliferative neointimal response is responsible for intraluminal restenosis.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the key factors leading to death and disability worldwide. This severe challenge has prompted the scientific research and ...

Currently, there is no consensus on the most effective medical therapy for posterior circulation ischemia. To date, there have been no randomized trials studying the use of different antiplatelet ...