as well as interactions with the ocean, the biosphere, and, over longer timescales, the geosphere. There is indirect evidence that, during the last interglacial period, about 125,000 years ago ...

Earth system history, climate and climate change, marine and freshwater systems, and ecology. It also considers the interactions between humans and these systems. Natural gradients across surface ...

Feb. 10, 2025 — Earth's inner core is undergoing structural transformation. Located 3,000 miles below the Earth's surface, the inner core is anchored by gravity within the molten liquid outer core.

The Earth Institute was established in 1995 to advance our understanding of Earth science and apply that knowledge to decisions made by governments and businesses around the world. A world leader in ...