Aa Aa Aa Biogeochemical cycles describe pathways by which chemical elements move through both biotic (the biosphere) and abiotic compartments (the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere ...

The overall amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has been steadily increasing, a clear trend linked to human activities ...

Earth system models (ESMs) integrate the interactions of atmosphere, ocean, land, ice, and biosphere to estimate the state of regional and global climate under a wide variety of conditions.

The preliminary syllabus for the academic year 2025-2026 will be published in the Studies service in the spring 2025 and the final syllabus will be published in Sisu by the end of June. Please note, ...