For large hernias or severe cases of uncontrolled reflux or pain, surgery ... who have been pregnant have a higher risk of this hernia since pregnancy can cause increased intra-abdominal pressure.

Obstipation (extreme constipation often secondary to an obstruction), abdominal ... birth and pelvic surgery, are the most common cause of bowel obstruction that develop in pregnant women.

Gallbladder-related disease is a common non-obstetric abdominal ... advanced surgical techniques. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is a procedure recently used for pregnant women ...