Ninety-nine per cent of visible matter in the Universe is plasma. This fourth fundamental state of matter is important not just because it is so commonly found, but also because plasma ...
Plasma physics is the study of a state of matter comprising charged particles. Plasmas are usually created by heating a gas until the electrons become detached from their parent atom or molecule.
This basic model is, however, just that: there are many, many more states of matter out there that it doesn’t capture. The next most familiar is plasma, which is much like a gas except here many ...
Collisions between heavy ions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) create quark–gluon plasma, a hot and dense state of matter that is thought to have filled the universe around one millionth of a ...
Tokamaks, with their doughnut-shaped design, mimic the nuclear reactions of stars by using magnetic fields to confine loops of superheated plasma—a state of matter composed of ions and electrons.