Require X (hemin) and/or V (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) factors for growth • Responsible for 0.5–1% of all cases of IE • Haemophilus ... for non-HACEK Gram-negative endocarditis.

First, healthcare contact now represents a primary risk factor for acquisition of Gram-negative endocarditis due to these organisms. Historically, non-HACEK Gram-negative endocarditis has remained ...