But those sensor stacks are often bulky, which can impede a car’s ability to cut through the air around it. That hindrance can force the car to use more energy to speed up and ultimately limit a ...

This has led to increased requirements for force sensors with enhanced sensitivity, broader measurement ranges, and more compact designs. In this study, a compact three-axis force sensor based on an ...

The Audi A4 provides one example that is fairly typical of the driver assistance systems currently available on luxury vehicles, and its sensor array is shown in Figure 1, along with details on which ...