For large hernias or severe cases of uncontrolled reflux or pain, surgery ... who have been pregnant have a higher risk of this hernia since pregnancy can cause increased intra-abdominal pressure.

Gallbladder-related disease is a common non-obstetric abdominal ... advanced surgical techniques. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is a procedure recently used for pregnant women ...

Obstipation (extreme constipation often secondary to an obstruction), abdominal ... birth and pelvic surgery, are the most common cause of bowel obstruction that develop in pregnant women.